References (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4)
Part 1
[1] Union of Concerned Scientists, "Foods on the Market," available at http://www.ucsusa.org. Choose "biotechnology" in the bar at the bottom of the screen, then click on "Foods on the Market."
[3] For one recent overview, see Environmental Media Services (EMS), REPORTERS' GUIDE: GENETIC ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE, Edition 1 (October 2000), available from EMS, Washington, D.C., (202) 463-6670 or at http://www.ems.org. Also see Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA), "Genetically Engineered Crops and Foods: Online Presentation," available at http://www.panna.org/panna/resources/geTutorial.html.
[4] Clive James, "Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops: 1999" ISAAA BRIEFS No. 12: Preview, produced by International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA). Available at http://www.isaaa.org/Global%20Review%201999/briefs12cj.htm.
[5] See Michael Hansen, "Potential Environmental and Human Health Problems Associated with Genetically Engineered Food." Presentation delivered at CREA International Seminar on Transgenic Products, Curitiba, Brazil, October 11, 1999. Available from Consumer Policy Institute, Yonkers, N.Y.: 914-378-2455.
[6] National Research Council, GENETICALLY MODIFIED PEST-PROTECTED PLANTS: SCIENCE AND REGULATION (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2000). ISBN 0309069300.
[7] Union of Concerned Scientists, "Fact Sheet: Genetic Engineering Techniques." Available at http://www.ucsusa.org. Choose "biotechnology" in the bar at the bottom of the screen, then click on "Genetic Engineering Techniques."
[8] See Food and Drug Administration, "Premarket Notice Concerning Bioengineered Foods," FEDERAL REGISTER Vol. 66, No. 12 (January 18, 2001), pg. 4710.
[9] Derry K. Mercer and others, "Fate of Free DNA and Transformation of the Oral Bacterium STREPTOCOCCUS GORDONII DL1 by Plasmid DNA in Human Saliva," APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1999), pgs. 6-10.
[10] See World Health Organization (WHO), OVERCOMING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2000). Available at http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-report/2000/.
[11] British Medical Association Board of Science and Education, "The Impact of Genetic Modification on Agriculture, Food and Health -- An Interim Statement," May 1999. Summary statement available at http://www.bma.org.uk/public/science/genmod.htm.
Part 2
[1] For a thorough collection of resources on agricultural biotechnology, see AgBioTech InfoNet, maintained by Benbrook Consulting Services at http://www.biotech-info.net.
[2] Michael K. Hansen, "Genetic Engineering is Not an Extension of Conventional Plant Breeding; How Genetic Engineering Differs from Conventional Breeding, Hybridization, Wide Crosses, and Horizontal Gene Transfer," available at http://www.consumersunion.org/food/widecpi200.htm. Also see Michael Hansen and Ellen Hickey, "Genetic Engineering: Imprecise and Unpredictable," in GLOBAL PESTICIDE CAMPAIGNER, Vol. 10, No. 1, April 2000, available from Pesticide Action Network (415-981-1771; panna@panna.org).
[3] Nadia S. Al-Kaff and others, "Plants Rendered Herbicide-Susceptible by Cauliflower Mosaic Virus-Elicited Suppression of a 35S Promoter-Regulated Transgene," NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY Vol. 18 (September 2000), pgs. 995-999.
[4] Stanley W. B. Ewen and Arpad Pusztai, "Effect of Diets Containing Genetically Modified Potatoes Expressing GALANTHUS NIVALIS Lectin on Rat Small Intestine," THE LANCET Vol. 354, No. 9187 (October 16, 1999), pgs. 1353-1354.
[5] Marc A. Lappe and others, "Alterations in Clinically Important Phytoestrogens in Genetically Modified, Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans," JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL FOOD Vol. 1, No. 4 (July 1999), pgs. 241-245.
[6] Andrew Pollack, "Case Illustrates Risks of Altered Food." NEW YORK TIMES October 14, 2000. Available at http://www.biotech- info.net/altered_food.html
[7] Talya Kunik and others, "Genetic Transformation of HeLa Cells by AGROBACTERIUM," PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, published online before print (January 30, 2001). Full text available for U.S. $5 at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.041327598.
[8] James Meikle, "Soya Gene Find Fuels Doubts on GM Crops," THE GUARDIAN (London) (May 31, 2000). Available at http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0,2763,326569,00.html Also see "Monsanto GM Seeds Contain 'Rogue' DNA," SCOTLAND ON SUNDAY (May 30, 2000). Available at http://www.biotech- info.net/Rogue_DNA.html
Part 3
[1] John E. Losey and others, "Transgenic Pollen Harms Monarch Larvae." NATURE Vol. 399, No. 6733 (May 20, 1999), pg. 214.
[2] Laura C. Hansen and John J. Obrycki, "Field Deposition of BT Transgenic Corn Pollen: Lethal Effects on the Monarch Butterfly," OECOLOGIA Vol. 125, No. 2 (2000), pgs. 241-248.
[3] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Biopesticide Fact Sheet: BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS Cry1Ab Delta-Endotoxin and the Genetic Material Necessary for Its Production (Plasmid Vector pCIB4431) in Corn [Event 176]," April 2000. EPA Publication No. 730-F-00-003. Available at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/factsheets/fs006458t.htm.
[4] A. Hilbeck and others, "Effects of Transgenic BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS corn-fed prey on Mortality and Development Time of Immature CHYSOPERLA CARNEA (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)." ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 27, No. 2 (April 1998), pgs. 480-487.
[5] Deepak Saxena and others, "Insecticidal Toxin in Root Exudates from BT Corn," NATURE Vol. 402, No. 6761 (December 2, 1999), pg. 480.
[6] Royal Society of Canada, ELEMENTS OF PRECAUTION: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE REGULATION OF FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY IN CANADA (Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada, January 2001). ISBN 0-920064-71-X. Available from the Royal Society at (Ottawa, Canada) phone: (613) 991-6990 or at http://www.rsc.ca/foodbiotechnology/GMreportEN.pdf.
[7] Charles Benbrook, "Evidence of the Magnitude and Consequences of the Roundup Ready Soybean Yield Drag from University-Based Varietal Trials in 1998," AgBioTech InfoNet Technical Paper #1, July 13, 1999. Available at http://www.biotech-info.net/RR_yield_drag_98.pdf.
[8] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Pesticide and Environmental Fate One Line Summary: Glyphosate," May 6, 1993.
[9] See T. B. Moorman and others, "Production of Hydrobenzoic Acids by BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM strains after treatment with glyphosate." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY Vol. 40 (1992), pgs. 289-293. For a review of other relevant studies, see Caroline Cox, "Herbicide Factsheet: Glyphosate (Roundup)" JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE REFORM Vol. 18, No. 3 (Fall 1998), updated October 2000, available at http://www.pesticide.org/gly.pdf
[10] R.J. Kremer and others, "Herbicide Impact on FUSARIUM spp. and Soybean Cyst Nematode in Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean." American Society of Agronomy study abstract, available at http://www.biotech-info.net/fungi_buildup_abstract.html. Also see University of Missouri press release, "MU Researchers Find Fungi Buildup in Glyphosate-Treated Soybean Fields" (December 21, 2000), available at http://www.biotech-info.net/fungi_buildup.html.
[11] David Barboza, "Suburban Genetics: Scientists Searching for a Perfect Lawn," NEW YORK TIMES July 9, 2000, pg. A1.
[12] Lennart Hardell and Mikael Eriksson, "A Case-Control Study of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Exposure to Pesticides," CANCER Vol. 85, No. 6 (March 15, 1999), pgs. 1353-1360.
[13] Lance P. Walsh and others, "Roundup Inhibits Steroidogenesis by Disrupting Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein Expression," ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES Vol. 108, No. 8 (August 2000), pgs. 769-776.
[14] M. Crawley and others, "Transgenic Crops in Natural Habitats." NATURE Vol. 409, No. 6821 (February 8, 2001), pgs. 682-683.
[15] Jane Rissler and Margaret Mellon, THE ECOLOGICAL RISKS OF ENGINEERED CROPS (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996).
[16] L. L. Wolfenbarger and P.R. Phifer, "The Ecological Risks and Benefits of Genetically Engineered Plants." SCIENCE Vol. 290 No. 5499 (December 15, 2000) pgs. 2088-2093.
Part 4
[1] Thomas O. McGarity and Patricia I. Hansen, BREEDING DISTRUST: AN ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE REGULATION OF PLANT DERIVED GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS. Report prepared for the Food Policy Institute of the Consumer Federation of America, January 11, 2001. Available at http://www.biotech-info.net/Breeding_Distrust.html.
[2] U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "Statement of Policy: Food Derived from New Plant Varieties," FEDERAL REGISTER Vol. 57, No. 104, May 29, 1992, pgs. 22984-23005. Available at http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr92529b.html
[3] Marion Burros, "Documents Show Officials Disagreed on Altered Food," NEW YORK TIMES December 1, 1999. Available at http://www.biotech-info.net/officials_disagree.html.
[4] Fred A. Hines, "FLAVR SAVR Tomato (Pathology Review PR-152; FDA Number FMF-000526): Pathology Branch's Evaluation of Rats with Stomach Lesions from Three Four-Week Oral (Gavage) Toxicity Studies (IRDC Study Nos. 677-002, 677-004, and 677-005) and an Expert Panel's Report." Memo to Linda Kahl, Biotechnology Policy Branch, June 16, 1993. Available at http://www.bio-integrity.org/FDAdocs/17/fhlkp.pdf
[5] See Joseph Mendelson, "The Food and Drug Administration's New Proposal on Genetically Engineered Foods: First Draft Analysis," January 17, 2001. Available at http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/facts&issues/CFSNewFDAAnalysis.html? cam_id=70. Also see this web site for information on writing to FDA about the proposed regulations.
[6] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "Premarket Notice Concerning Bioengineered Foods," FEDERAL REGISTER Vol. 66, No. 12, January 18, 2001, pgs. 4706-4738. Available at http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/FRPremarketNotice.html?cam_id=70.
[7] Center for Food Safety and others, "Citizen Petition Before the United States Food and Drug Administration." Available at http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/li/FDApetition.html.
[8] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "Draft Guidance for Industry: Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been Developed Using Bioengineering; Availability," FEDERAL REGISTER Vol. 66, No. 12, January 18, 2001, pgs. 4839-4842. Available at http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/FRVolLabel.html
[9] Michelle Marvier, "Ecology of Transgenic Crops," AMERICAN SCIENTIST Vol. 89, No. 2 (March-April, 2001), pgs. 160-167. Available at http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Marvier.html.
[10] See Union of Concerned Scientists, "Bt Crop Renewals," http://www.ucsusa.org/food/btcrops.html.
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