References
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The Health Physics Society http://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q1084.html 90. Gofman JW. Radiation from Medical Procedures in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Ischemic Heart Disease: Dose-Response Studies with Physicians per 100,000 Population 1999. CNR Books. 91. Gofman J W. Preventing Breast Cancer: The Story of a Major, Proven, Preventable Cause of This Disease. 1996. CNR Books; 2nd edition. 92. Sarno JE. Healing Back Pain: The Mind Body Connection. 1991. Warner Books. 93. Siu AL, Sonnenberg FA, Manning WG, Goldberg GA, Bloomfield ES, Newhouse JP, Brook RH. Inappropriate use of hospitals in a randomized trial of health insurance plans. NEJM. 1986 Nov 13;315(20):1259-66. 94. Siu AL, Manning WG, Benjamin B. Patient, provider and hospital characteristics associated with inappropriate hospitalization. Am J Public Health. 1990 Oct;80(10):1253-6. 95. Eriksen BO, Kristiansen IS, Nord E, Pape JF, Almdahl SM, Hensrud A, Jaeger S. The cost of inappropriate admissions: a study of health benefits and resource utilization in a department of internal medicine. J Intern Med. 1999 Oct;246(4):379-87. 96. Showalter E. Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and Modern Media. 1997. Columbia University Press. 97. Fugh-Berman A. Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History. Houghton Mifflin. http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/women/html/wh_001200_alternativeh.htm 98. Thacker SB, Stroup DF (CDC) Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD000063. Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor. 99. Cole C. Admission electronic fetal monitoring does not improve neonatal outcomes. J Fam Pract. 2003 Jun;52(6):443-4. 100. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA. 2002 Aug 21;288(7):872-81. Review. 101. Nelson HD. Assessing benefits and harms of hormone replacement therapy: clinical applications. JAMA. 2002 Aug 21;288(7):882-4) 9. 102. Fletcher SW, Colditz GA. Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):366-8. 103. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33. 104. Rutkow IM. Obstetric and gynecologic operations in the United States, 1979 to 1984. Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Jun;67(6):755-9. 105. Family Practice News, February 15, 1995, page 29. 106. Sakala C. Medically unnecessary cesarean section births: introduction to a symposium.Soc Sci Med. 1993 Nov;37(10):1177-1198. 107. VanHam MA, van Dongen PW, Mulder J. Maternal consequences of cesarean section. A retrospective study of intraoperative and postoperative maternal complications of cesarean section during a 10-year period. Eur J Obstet Reprod Biol 1997;74:1-6. 108. Weiner J. Smoking and Cancer: The Cigarette Papers: How the Industry is Trying to Smoke Us All. The Nation, January 1, 1996, p. 11-18. 109. Tobacco Timeline. http://www.tobacco.org 110. Lasser KE, Allen PD, Woolhandler SJ, Himmelstein DU, Wolfe SM, Bor DH. 2002. Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications. JAMA. 2002 May 1; 287(17): 2215-20. 111. General Accounting Office (GAO), July 17, 2003 http://www.injuryboard.com/view.cfm/Article=3005 112. Weingart SN, McL Wilson R, Gibberd RW, Harrison B. Epidemiology of medical error. West J Med. 2000 Jun;172(6):390-3. 113. Five Nation Survey Exposes Flaws in the U.S. Health Care System. May 14, 2002. Journal of Health Affairs. 114. Institute of Medicine, 2002; Institute of Medicine, 2003a. 115. The Department of Health and Human Services And The Department of Justice Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program Annual Report For FY 1998, FY 2001. April 1999, April 2002. 116. CNN - Washington senate briefing, Abuse of Residents is a Major Problem in U.S. Nursing Homes -live coverage July 30, 2001 116 a. http://www.house.gov/waxman/ 117. Mitka M. Unacceptable nursing home deaths unautopsied. JAMA. 1998 Sep 23-30;280(12):1038-9 118. New Data on North Carolina's Nursing Home Residents. Medical Review of North Carolina, Inc. 7/21/2003. 119. Weinstein RA. Nosocomial Infection Update. Special Issue. Emerging Infectious Diseases. July-Sept 1998. Vol 4 No 3. 120. Report to Congress: Appropriateness of Minimum Nurse Staffing Ratios In Nursing Homes Phase II Final Report. December 24, 2001. 121. Press Release. Consumer Group Criticizes Thompson Letter Dismissing Report on Dangerous Staffing Levels in Nursing Homes. The National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform. March 22, 2002. 122. Bergstrom N. et al. Multi-site study of incidence of pressure ulcers and the relationship between risk level, demographic characteristics, diagnoses & prescription of preventive interventions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996 Jan;44(1):22-30. 123. Miles SH. Concealing accidental nursing home deaths. HEC Forum. 2002 Sep;14(3):224-34. 124. Corey TS, Weakley-Jones B, Nichols GR. Unnatural deaths in nursing home patients. J Forensic Sci. 1992 Jan. 37(1):222-7. 125. Lloyd-Jones DM, Martin DO, Larson MG, Levy D. Accuracy of death certificates for coding coronary heart disease as the cause of death. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Dec 15;129(12):1020-6. 126. Thomas DR, Zdrowski CD, Wilson MM, Conright KC, Lewis C, Tariq S, Morley JE. Malnutrition in subacute care. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;75(2):308-13. 127. Robinson BE. Death by destruction of will. Lest we forget. Arch Intern Med, 155(20):2250-1;1995 Nov 13. 128. Capezuti E. et al. The relationship between physical restraint removal and falls and injuries among nursing home residents. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 53(1):M47-52; 1998 Jan. 129. Phillips CD, Hawes C, Fries BE. Reducing the use of physical restraints in nursing homes: will it increase costs? Am J Public Health 1993 Mar;83(3):342-8. 130. Miles SH, Irvine P. Deaths caused by physical restraints. Gerontologist. 1992 Dec;32(6):762-6. 131. Annas GJ. The Last Resort -- The Use of Physical Restraints in Medical Emergencies. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 28;341(18):1408-12. 132. Parker K. et al. Deaths caused by bedrails. J Am Geriatr Soc, 45(7):797-802 1997 Jul. 133. Miles SH. Concealing accidental nursing home deaths. HEC Forum. 2002 Sep;14(3):224-34. 134. Katz PR, Seidel G. Nursing home autopsies. Survey of physician attitudes and practice patterns. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1990 Feb;114(2):145-7. 135. Overmedication of U.S. Seniors. Reuters Health, May 21, 2003. 136. Average Number of Prescriptions by HMOs Increases. Drug Benefit Trends® Vol 14, No 8. 09/12/2002 137. Prescription Drug Trends, Nov 2001; Kaiser Family Foundation. 138. Williams BR, et al. Medication use in residential care facilities for the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 1999 Feb;33(2):149-55. 139. AARP Medicare Prescription Drug Campaign http://www.aarp.org/prescriptiondrugs/ 140. Press Release. California Reaches $100 Million Multi-state Settlement With Drug Giant Mylan Over Alleged Price-fixing Scheme. Attorney General, State of California. July 12, 2000. 141. Attorney General of North Carolina (and 34 other states) Reaches Settlement With Drug Giant. WRAL News. http://www.wral.com/money/2026364/detail.html. March 7, 2003. 142. Blowing the final whistle. Sunday November 25, 2001. The Observer, U.K. 143. http://www.aarp.org/Articles/a2003-03-07-supplements.html 144. Bernabei R, et al. Management of pain in elderly patients with cancer. SAGE Study Group. Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Drug Use via Epidemiology. JAMA 1998 Jun 17;279(23):1877-82. 145. Panel Names Estrogen as Carcinogen. Washington Post. December 16, 2000; Page A05. 146. Estrogen hikes ovarian cancer risk MSNBC Staff and Wire Reports, July 16, 2002) (Grady D. Study Recommends NOT using Hormone Therapy for Bone Loss Oct 1, 2003. New York Times. 147. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1739-48. 148. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3243-53. 149. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2673-84. 150. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2651-62. 151. Beral V; Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2003 Aug 9;362(9382):419-27. 152. Berens, D. Unhealthy Hospitals: Infection epidemic carves deadly path Poor hygiene, overwhelmed workers contribute to thousands of deaths. The Chicago Tribune. July 21, 2002 http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/specials/chi-0207210272jul21.story 153. http://www.imakenews.com/health-itworld/e_article000187752.cfm
83. Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Assessing Efficacy and Safety of Medical Technology (Washington D.C.: OTA 1978).
84. Tunis SR, Gelband H, Health Care Technology and Its Assessment in Eight Countries. Health Care Technology in the United States. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) 1995.
85. Zhan C, Miller M. Excess Length of Stay, Charges, and Mortality Attributable to Medical Injuries During Hospitalization. JAMA. 2003;290:1868-1874.
86. Injuries in Hospitals Pose a Significant Threat to Patients and a Substantial Increase in Health Care Costs. Press Relative, October 7, 2003. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2003/injurypr.htm.
87. Weingart SN, Iezzoni LI. Looking for Medical Injuries Where the Light Is Bright. JAMA. 2003;290:1917-1919.
88. MacMahon B. Prenatal X-ray Exposure and Childhood Cancer, Journal of the National Cancer Institute 28 (1962): 1173.
89. The Health Physics Society http://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q1084.html
90. Gofman JW. Radiation from Medical Procedures in the Pathogenesis of Cancer and Ischemic Heart Disease: Dose-Response Studies with Physicians per 100,000 Population 1999. CNR Books.
91. Gofman J W. Preventing Breast Cancer: The Story of a Major, Proven, Preventable Cause of This Disease. 1996. CNR Books; 2nd edition.
92. Sarno JE. Healing Back Pain: The Mind Body Connection. 1991. Warner Books.
93. Siu AL, Sonnenberg FA, Manning WG, Goldberg GA, Bloomfield ES, Newhouse JP, Brook RH. Inappropriate use of hospitals in a randomized trial of health insurance plans. NEJM. 1986 Nov 13;315(20):1259-66.
94. Siu AL, Manning WG, Benjamin B. Patient, provider and hospital characteristics associated with inappropriate hospitalization. Am J Public Health. 1990 Oct;80(10):1253-6.
95. Eriksen BO, Kristiansen IS, Nord E, Pape JF, Almdahl SM, Hensrud A, Jaeger S. The cost of inappropriate admissions: a study of health benefits and resource utilization in a department of internal medicine. J Intern Med. 1999 Oct;246(4):379-87.
96. Showalter E. Hystories: Hysterical epidemics and Modern Media. 1997. Columbia University Press.
97. Fugh-Berman A. Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History. Houghton Mifflin. http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/women/html/wh_001200_alternativeh.htm
98. Thacker SB, Stroup DF (CDC) Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD000063. Continuous electronic heart rate monitoring for fetal assessment during labor.
99. Cole C. Admission electronic fetal monitoring does not improve neonatal outcomes. J Fam Pract. 2003 Jun;52(6):443-4.
100. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. JAMA. 2002 Aug 21;288(7):872-81. Review.
101. Nelson HD. Assessing benefits and harms of hormone replacement therapy: clinical applications. JAMA. 2002 Aug 21;288(7):882-4) 9.
102. Fletcher SW, Colditz GA. Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):366-8.
103. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33.
104. Rutkow IM. Obstetric and gynecologic operations in the United States, 1979 to 1984. Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Jun;67(6):755-9.
105. Family Practice News, February 15, 1995, page 29.
106. Sakala C. Medically unnecessary cesarean section births: introduction to a symposium.Soc Sci Med. 1993 Nov;37(10):1177-1198.
107. VanHam MA, van Dongen PW, Mulder J. Maternal consequences of cesarean section. A retrospective study of intraoperative and postoperative maternal complications of cesarean section during a 10-year period. Eur J Obstet Reprod Biol 1997;74:1-6.
108. Weiner J. Smoking and Cancer: The Cigarette Papers: How the Industry is Trying to Smoke Us All. The Nation, January 1, 1996, p. 11-18.
109. Tobacco Timeline. http://www.tobacco.org
110. Lasser KE, Allen PD, Woolhandler SJ, Himmelstein DU, Wolfe SM, Bor DH. 2002. Timing of new black box warnings and withdrawals for prescription medications. JAMA. 2002 May 1; 287(17): 2215-20.
111. General Accounting Office (GAO), July 17, 2003 http://www.injuryboard.com/view.cfm/Article=3005
112. Weingart SN, McL Wilson R, Gibberd RW, Harrison B. Epidemiology of medical error. West J Med. 2000 Jun;172(6):390-3.
113. Five Nation Survey Exposes Flaws in the U.S. Health Care System. May 14, 2002. Journal of Health Affairs.
114. Institute of Medicine, 2002; Institute of Medicine, 2003a.
115. The Department of Health and Human Services And The Department of Justice Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program Annual Report For FY 1998, FY 2001. April 1999, April 2002.
116. CNN - Washington senate briefing, Abuse of Residents is a Major Problem in U.S. Nursing Homes -live coverage July 30, 2001
116 a. http://www.house.gov/waxman/
117. Mitka M. Unacceptable nursing home deaths unautopsied. JAMA. 1998 Sep 23-30;280(12):1038-9
118. New Data on North Carolina's Nursing Home Residents. Medical Review of North Carolina, Inc. 7/21/2003.
119. Weinstein RA. Nosocomial Infection Update. Special Issue. Emerging Infectious Diseases. July-Sept 1998. Vol 4 No 3.
120. Report to Congress: Appropriateness of Minimum Nurse Staffing Ratios In Nursing Homes Phase II Final Report. December 24, 2001.
121. Press Release. Consumer Group Criticizes Thompson Letter Dismissing Report on Dangerous Staffing Levels in Nursing Homes. The National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform. March 22, 2002.
122. Bergstrom N. et al. Multi-site study of incidence of pressure ulcers and the relationship between risk level, demographic characteristics, diagnoses & prescription of preventive interventions. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996 Jan;44(1):22-30.
123. Miles SH. Concealing accidental nursing home deaths. HEC Forum. 2002 Sep;14(3):224-34. 124. Corey TS, Weakley-Jones B, Nichols GR. Unnatural deaths in nursing home patients. J Forensic Sci. 1992 Jan. 37(1):222-7.
125. Lloyd-Jones DM, Martin DO, Larson MG, Levy D. Accuracy of death certificates for coding coronary heart disease as the cause of death. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Dec 15;129(12):1020-6.
126. Thomas DR, Zdrowski CD, Wilson MM, Conright KC, Lewis C, Tariq S, Morley JE. Malnutrition in subacute care. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;75(2):308-13.
127. Robinson BE. Death by destruction of will. Lest we forget. Arch Intern Med, 155(20):2250-1;1995 Nov 13.
128. Capezuti E. et al. The relationship between physical restraint removal and falls and injuries among nursing home residents. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 53(1):M47-52; 1998 Jan.
129. Phillips CD, Hawes C, Fries BE. Reducing the use of physical restraints in nursing homes: will it increase costs? Am J Public Health 1993 Mar;83(3):342-8.
130. Miles SH, Irvine P. Deaths caused by physical restraints. Gerontologist. 1992 Dec;32(6):762-6.
131. Annas GJ. The Last Resort -- The Use of Physical Restraints in Medical Emergencies. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 28;341(18):1408-12.
132. Parker K. et al. Deaths caused by bedrails. J Am Geriatr Soc, 45(7):797-802 1997 Jul.
133. Miles SH. Concealing accidental nursing home deaths. HEC Forum. 2002 Sep;14(3):224-34.
134. Katz PR, Seidel G. Nursing home autopsies. Survey of physician attitudes and practice patterns. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1990 Feb;114(2):145-7.
135. Overmedication of U.S. Seniors. Reuters Health, May 21, 2003.
136. Average Number of Prescriptions by HMOs Increases. Drug Benefit Trends® Vol 14, No 8. 09/12/2002
137. Prescription Drug Trends, Nov 2001; Kaiser Family Foundation.
138. Williams BR, et al. Medication use in residential care facilities for the elderly. Ann Pharmacother 1999 Feb;33(2):149-55.
139. AARP Medicare Prescription Drug Campaign http://www.aarp.org/prescriptiondrugs/
140. Press Release. California Reaches $100 Million Multi-state Settlement With Drug Giant Mylan Over Alleged Price-fixing Scheme. Attorney General, State of California. July 12, 2000.
141. Attorney General of North Carolina (and 34 other states) Reaches Settlement With Drug Giant. WRAL News. http://www.wral.com/money/2026364/detail.html. March 7, 2003.
142. Blowing the final whistle. Sunday November 25, 2001. The Observer, U.K.
143. http://www.aarp.org/Articles/a2003-03-07-supplements.html
144. Bernabei R, et al. Management of pain in elderly patients with cancer. SAGE Study Group. Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Drug Use via Epidemiology. JAMA 1998 Jun 17;279(23):1877-82.
145. Panel Names Estrogen as Carcinogen. Washington Post. December 16, 2000; Page A05.
146. Estrogen hikes ovarian cancer risk MSNBC Staff and Wire Reports, July 16, 2002) (Grady D. Study Recommends NOT using Hormone Therapy for Bone Loss Oct 1, 2003. New York Times.
147. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1739-48.
148. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3243-53.
149. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2673-84.
150. Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 May 28;289(20):2651-62.
151. Beral V; Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet. 2003 Aug 9;362(9382):419-27.
152. Berens, D. Unhealthy Hospitals: Infection epidemic carves deadly path Poor hygiene, overwhelmed workers contribute to thousands of deaths. The Chicago Tribune. July 21, 2002 http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/specials/chi-0207210272jul21.story
153. http://www.imakenews.com/health-itworld/e_article000187752.cfm