Dr. Gregory Clark, an economic historian at the University of California, believes he has deciphered the cause behind the rise of modern affluence.
For thousands of years, most people on earth lived in abject poverty, first as hunters and gatherers, then as peasants or laborers. But with the rise of the Industrial Revolution some societies managed to change from poverty to wealth.
Historians and economists have long struggled to understand how this transition occurred, and, what‘s even more of a puzzle, why it took place only in some countries.
Dr. Clark believes that the Industrial Revolution occurred because of an evolutionary change in the nature of the human population, rather than a change in the way modern institutions operate.
It’s true that the rise of affluence that followed the Industrial Revolution occurred when the efficiency of production finally accelerated, growing fast enough to outpace the automatic growth in population, which allowed average incomes to rise. But there have been unsatisfactory explanations for exactly how, or why, this spurt in efficiency occurred.
Dr. Clark’s research found that, generation after generation, the rich kept having more surviving children than the poor. He states that as the rich took over a wide variety of positions within society, what we now call “middle-class values” began to take root, and people’s behavior changed.
Work hours increased, literacy and numeracy became more common, and the level of violence dropped. People also began to save for the future -- delaying their gratification -- rather than focusing on instant consumption.
These middle-class values, which were needed for productivity and efficiency, could have been transmitted either culturally or genetically, according to Dr. Clark. But he leans toward evolution as the explanation.
Although many applaud Dr. Clark’s research, many are highly skeptical about his explanations, stating that tests of most social behaviors show that they are genetically inheritable only to a very slight degree.
New York Times August 7, 2007