A lack of exposure to dirt could be one factor behind the rise in the levels of asthma in children. Learning exactly which types of dirt best 'educate' the immune system could be essential in developing new treatments for a variety of diseases.
The 'hygiene' hypothesis posits that children not being exposed to viruses and other environmental factors results in their not being able to build up resistance. This could make them more vulnerable to illnesses later in life.
Studies have shown that childhood infections such as chickenpox and the common cold help protect against later problems.