In a study of lifestyle habits among the Pimas, researchers found that those who consumed an "Anglo" diet were nearly three times as likely to develop diabetes over about 6 years, compared with those who followed a "traditional" diet rich in squash, melons and legumes.

Those who consumed elements of both diets were also at increased risk.

The Pima Indians of Arizona have undergone a rapid transition from a traditional lifestyle that included a healthy diet and exercise through work in fields, to a "Westernized" lifestyle marked by high-fat foods and less physical activity.

As a result, rates of obesity and chronic diseases characteristic of Western populations have soared.

In fact, the Pima Indians have the highest rate of type 2 diabetes in the world.

But the Pimas are only one of myriad groups whose health is being affected by today's lifestyles. Overall, diabetes was diagnosed in 22% of the study participants, predominately women.

Foods in the traditional Pima diet do not cause blood sugar to surge in the way many foods included in the Anglo diet do. Additionally, a healthier diet is also associated with a healthier overall lifestyle that includes exercise.

Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body loses its sensitivity to insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar, or glucose. When insulin sensitivity wanes, glucose rises to levels that can, over time, increase a person's risk of developing heart disease, kidney failure, nerve damage and blindness.

In another study, diabetic Pima Indians and whites who consumed a traditional Indian diet for just 2 weeks improved their glucose tolerance and lowered their cholesterol.

Diabetes Care May 2001;24:811-816